Introduction

 Water is an invaluable natural resource that must be safeguarded and reused to ensure the sustainable satisfaction of the needs of both citizens and economic sectors. In Tunka, as well as in the broader Mediterranean region, the pressure on water resources is mounting, making  water a precious resource. This growing scarcity poses significant challenges, particularly for agriculture and industrial development, both of which rely heavily on water availability. In this context, treated wastewater emerges as a key component of sustainable water management, serving as an integral part of the community’s water resources. By focusing on direct reuse, rather than discharging wastewater into conventional systems, we can reduce treatment costs and prevent the introduction of persistent pollutants into water bodies, ultimately helping to protect and preserve the water ecosystem. To achieve these goals, water treatment technologies must prioritize (i) the degradation of pollutants, (ii) the promotion of multi-purpose water use, and (iii) the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of advanced treatment technologies. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are advancing swiftly worldwide due to their proven effectiveness in breaking down recalcitrant compounds. These processes are also critical in meeting the growing demands of global regulations while safeguarding public health and the environment. As a result, AOPs are increasingly recognized in research as powerful alternatives for the complete removal of persistent pollutants from water and for enhancing the biodegradation of wastewater through